Background: Ethical Decision Making in NGOs has a positive impact on the economy, industry and society. This research aims to explain the Native model of moral Decision-Making in NGOs. Method: The present research method is applied in a quantitative cross-sectional study for the purpose of applied research, in terms of exploratory (qualitative and quantitative) data, and in terms of the nature of the qualitative aspect of the data of the Foundation. The statistical population is the qualitative section of human resource managers and experts who were identified by targeted sampling method. In the small part, 306 employees of Saman were selected by census method. In the qualitative section, data was analyzed by open, axial and selective coding. In the quantitative section, descriptive statistics such as descriptive tables, statistical characteristics, charts and factor analysis were used. Results: The results indicate that the process of moral Decision-Making in Non-governmental Organizations in the underlying circumstances influences interpersonal factors, context, organizational factors, in interventional situations, transactional and religious factors in interactions and actions of individuals. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit of the model and the veracity of the design of the relationship. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the dimensions identified for the model of Ethical Decision Making are dimensions such as religious, individual-personality, interpersonal, organizational and transorganization. In the quantitative section, the AGFA, GFI, RMSEA and Khidou indicators also indicate that the dimensions identified support a concept called moral Decision.

Introduction: Academic faculty members need to emphasize Ethical principles in order to improve higher education, with the understanding of this importance, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing the Ethical model of academic faculty members in Iran's higher education. Material & Methods: This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants, including experts and faculty members of the country's public universities, who were responsible for the promotion of academic members, were selected as key informants through a targeted sampling method of 45 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of reviewing the participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding. Results: The results showed that the moral model of faculty members in Iran's higher education is explained in 10 main categories and 27 subcategories. Major and core categories in the form of 6 dimensions of causal conditions including (individual factors, organizational factors), core (cultural-educational, educational ethics, research ethics, scientific-executive), background conditions (higher education policies, moral activism), intervening conditions (environmental factors), strategies (micro level-university, macro level-higher education) and consequences (individual and organizational) were elevated to a higher abstract level and finally the research paradigm model was presented. Conclusion: The regulations for the promotion of academic staff members in Iran require a detailed revision of the content with an Ethical and qualitative approach in order to make the indicators of the promotion regulations efficient and effective.

With the advent of technology and its impact on Organizations, managers’,Decision-Making process has been complicated,this has made Ethical Decision-Making a vital discourse in information technology Organizations, and the failure to comply with them can have many negative consequences. Accordingly, this empirical study is an attempt to present a model of individual Ethical Decision-Making in the area of information technology with an emphasis on big data. The present study is applied in terms of its objectives, quantitative and descriptive in terms of its implementation process, and its required data have been collected using Ethical scenarios. The statistical sample of this research consists of 163 IT specialists, i. e. CEO and managers who interact with big data. Results show that the variables of "locus of control and ego strength" affect an individual’, s Ethical behavior. Although the variables of "self-esteem and self-efficacy" do not directly affect an individual’, s Ethical behavior, they both affect "ego strength". Moreover, the variable of "perceived probability of disclosure", which has been proposed for the first time in this research, has a significant effect on Ethical intention. Finally, practical solutions are presented to reduce Ethical risks.

The purpose of this insightful study is to provide a model for Explaining how intrinsic religiosity influences Ethical Decision-Making in the business. The quantitative research collection was systematically searched and chosen based on specific criteria. Then, by analyzing and combining these researches, it was shown that intrinsic religiosity has a positive effect on Ethical Decision-Making both directly and through the strengthening of variables such as homogeneity and the sense of guilt caused by immoral behavior and the weakening of the variable of Machiavellian morality. Approximately 80% of quantitative researches has reported this positive and significant impact, and it is considered stronger in consumers rather than top managers and experts and weaker in narcissistic personalities, rich people, malignant and active people in Ethical issues. Finally, more research is suggested by longitudinal/ experimental/ interventional approaches. More consideration in non-Christian religions is suggested and variables such as love for money, commitment to moral improvement and perceived moral perception, as mediators, and variables such as type of occupation, degree of recognition, type of organization, social pressure for religiosity, cognitive abilities and the creation of opportunities for immoral behavior are also suggested to be used as moderators.

Introduction: Ethical Decision-Making by nursing managers is influenced by various essential factors, such as courage, without which it is impossible to act on them. Objective: This study aimed to explore the experiences of nursing managers about courage in Ethical Decision-Making. Materials and Methods: The current study was conducted in Iran by a qualitative content analysis approach in 2018. Nineteen nurse managers were selected purposefully from hospitals in Tehran and Shahrekord cities. Data were collected using semi-structured, indepth, face-to-face interviews, and after transcription, they were analyzed according to the Graneheim and Lundman method. Results: Based on data analysis, we extracted 2 categories (obligation, decisiveness) and 8 subcategories (clearness in expressing Decisions, the ability of the manager to make Decisions in critical and complex situations, authority/Decision-Making as a religious responsibility, follow the Decision process, being responsible, Making compensatory Decisions, Making preventive Decisions). Conclusion: The findings showed that managers who are committed to Ethical Decision-Making have enough assertiveness to make the Decisions. Educating, empowering, and sensitizing managers and enhancing their insight into Ethical issues through problem-solving and roleplaying techniques can play an essential role in promoting their commitment and responsibility.

The main objective of this research is to identify the financial managers' Ethical Decision-Making approaches of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange and different factors affecting them. To achieve this aim, 12 hypotheses have been developed. The aim of the first six hypotheses is to investigate different Ethical Decision-Making approaches, namely utilitarianism, hermeneutical, nonEthical, religious, deontological, and pragmatism. The next six hypotheses are to identify the probable factors affecting these approaches.The data required for the statistical analysis of research hypotheses was obtained from 63 companies using a 24-item questionnaire. The results from testing the first set of hypotheses indicated that financial managers of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange believed in utilitarian, religious, and deontological but they did not believe in hermeneutical, nonEthical and pragmatic approaches.Moreover, in the opinion of financial managers, utilitarianism was the strongest Ethical Decision-Making approach and pragmatism was the weakest one. Finally, the statistical analysis of the next six hypotheses showed that, except for the effect of variable ”age“ on the religious approach, the other hypothesized effects were statistically insignificant.